Kumano Shrine (Nakana, Fuchu-machi, Toyama City, Toyama Prefecture) | A Thorough Explanation of the History of the Shikinaisha (Engishiki Shrine) and the Chigo-mai Dance
Kumano Shrine, located in Nakana, Fuchu-machi, Toyama City, Toyama Prefecture, is a historical shrine that has long attracted worshippers as a candidate for the Shikinaisha (shrine listed in the Engishiki) in Nei District, Etchu Province. It is also known for its “Chigo-mai” (children’s dance), which is designated as a National Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property, and continues to be cherished by the local people. This article will introduce the charm of this shrine in its entirety, from its history and enshrined deities to its traditional events and access methods.
History and Origins of Kumano Shrine
Status as a Shikinaisha Candidate
The founding date of Kumano Shrine is unknown due to the lack of clear records, but it is evident that it was an important shrine from ancient times, as it is listed as a candidate for the Shikinaisha in the “Engishiki Jinmyocho” (a list of shrines compiled in 927 AD). The Engishiki Jinmyocho is an important historical document recording official shrines of the Heian period. Shrines listed in it were recognized as historically significant shrines officially sanctioned by the state.
While several Kumano Shrines exist within Toyama Prefecture, the Kumano Shrine in Nakana, Fuchu-machi, holds a particularly important position as a candidate for a Shikinaisha (shrine listed in the Engishiki) in Nei-gun, Etchu Province. A Shikinaisha candidate is a shrine considered a candidate for a shrine listed in the Engishiki Jinmyocho, serving as an indicator of historical importance.
As the Guardian Shrine of Eighteen Villages
The Kumano Shrine has long been revered as the guardian shrine of eighteen villages in Narinari-go, Nei-gun. These eighteen villages include Nakana, Kurashima, Mochida, Hagishima, Dojo, Hori, Shin’ya, Fukuro, Itakura, Sunagoda, Tsubono, Soejima, Shimizushima, Chikaku, Kaikawahara, Narinari-shin, Dokishima, and Jūgochō.
A “Sōchinju” refers to a shrine that protects multiple villages or an entire region, playing a central role in all aspects of the local residents’ lives, agriculture, and protection from disasters. The fact that Kumano Shrine attracted worshippers from a wide range of villages speaks to the shrine’s spiritual power and high status.
Branch Shrine from the Kumano Sanzan
As the name Kumano Shrine suggests, this shrine is considered a branch shrine of the Kumano Sanzan (Kumano Hongū Taisha, Kumano Hayatama Taisha, and Kumano Nachi Taisha) located in Kii Province (present-day Wakayama Prefecture). Kumano faith spread throughout Japan from the Heian period to the Middle Ages, and Kumano shrines were established in various locations.
While there are no clear records of when Kumano faith spread to Etchū Province, it is believed that the deities of Kumano were invited to this area from ancient to medieval times, along with the popularity of Shugendō (mountain asceticism) and pilgrimages to Kumano.
Deities and Divine Virtues
Main Deity
The deities enshrined at Kumano Shrine are believed to be of the same divine status as those enshrined at the Kumano Sanzan (Three Grand Shrines of Kumano). The following deities are generally enshrined at Kumano Shrines:
- Izanagi-no-Mikoto
- Izanami-no-Mikoto
- Ketsumiko-no-Kami / Susanoo-no-Mikoto
These deities are creator gods appearing in the Japanese creation myth and are believed to possess a wide range of divine virtues, including the source of life, matchmaking, protection from disaster, and protection of agriculture.
Divine Virtues and Faith
The main divine virtues believed to be obtained by visiting Kumano Shrine include the following:
- Healing from Illness and Longevity: Related to the origin of the Chigo-mai dance (described later), it is believed to have the power to ward off epidemics.
- Abundant Harvest and Protection of Agriculture: As the guardian shrine of rural areas, it is prayed for to prosperity in agriculture.
- Family Safety and Protection from Evil: It is believed to protect the lives of all residents of the region.
- Matchmaking and Prosperity of Descendants: The divine virtues of Izanagi-no-Mikoto and Izanami-no-Mikoto.
Chigo-mai Dance | National Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property
History and Origin of Chigo-mai Dance
The Chigo-mai dance of Kumano Shrine, along with the Chigo-mai dances of Kamo Shrine in Imizu City and Hofuku-ji Temple in Kurobe City, is a valuable traditional performing art designated as a National Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property.
The origin of this Chigo-mai dance dates back to the autumn of the first year of the Hoei era (1704). At that time, a plague (infectious disease) was rampant throughout the Nei district, causing great suffering to many people. According to legend, Wakabayashi Genzaemon, a village official of Tsubono Village in Nei district (present-day Hayahoshi, Fuchu-machi, Toyama City), received a divine oracle and performed a ritual in accordance with the divine will. The plague subsided, and that year was blessed with a bountiful harvest.
To commemorate this miraculous event and express gratitude, the Chigo-mai (children’s dance) was started and has been passed down for over 300 years.
Content and Characteristics of Chigo-mai
Chigo-mai is performed annually at the Autumn Grand Festival on August 25th. Four children, up to the age of 10, dressed in red costumes, perform the following seven dances to the accompaniment of drums and flutes:
- Hoko no Mai (Spear Dance)
- Kako no Mai (Bayside Dance)
- Rinka no Mai (Forest Song Dance)
- Other Dances (7 types in total)
These dances are characterized by their ancient and graceful movements, and are passed down as sacred rituals expressing gratitude to the gods and praying for peace in the region. The pure dances of the children cleanse the hearts of those who watch, enveloping them in a solemn atmosphere that evokes a sense of connection with the gods.
Value as an Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property
The reasons why the Etchu Chigo-mai (children’s dance) is designated as a National Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property are as follows:
- Historical Continuity: The continuation of a tradition spanning over 300 years
- Regional Characteristics: Unique characteristics as a folk performing art of the Etchu region
- Religious Significance: An expression of folk beliefs such as protection from disease and prayers for a bountiful harvest
- Performing Arts Value: The style of dance and music that has preserved ancient forms
This tradition, carefully preserved by the local people, is a valuable resource for understanding Japanese folk culture.
Annual Festivals and Events
Major Festivals
Kumano Shrine holds various festivals throughout the year:
August 25th: Autumn Grand Festival
- Dedication of Chigo-mai
- Mikoshi Procession
- Festival Events by Local Residents
This day is the most important festival day for Kumano Shrine and is bustling with many worshippers and spectators.
Other Annual Events
- New Year’s Day Festival (January 1st): Prayers for peace in the new year
- Spring Festival: Celebration of the start of farming work and prayers for a bountiful harvest
- Monthly Festival: Regular monthly festivals
Legend of Warding Off Epidemics
Kumano Shrine has a legend that an epidemic broke out during a period when rituals were not performed and the shrine was neglected. This is a cautionary tale demonstrating the importance of faith in the shrine and the rituals performed, and is one of the reasons why the local people have continued to cherish the shrine.
This legend, which serves as a warning against neglecting the gods and conveys the importance of continuing to uphold one’s faith, suggests the importance of the connection between the shrine and the local community even in modern times.
Shrine Grounds and Highlights
Shrine Buildings and Grounds
The grounds of Kumano Shrine are enveloped in a tranquil atmosphere that evokes a long history. The main hall is built in the traditional shrine architectural style and welcomes worshippers together with the worship hall.
Ancient trees line the grounds, allowing visitors to enjoy the beauty of nature throughout the seasons. Especially during the autumn festival, the shrine grounds are adorned with festive decorations, creating a vibrant atmosphere unlike the usual.
Points to Note When Visiting Kumano Shrine
When visiting Kumano Shrine, please pay attention to the following points:
- Plaque designating it as a Shikinaisha (a shrine listed in the Engishiki): An indication of its historical status
- Information board about the Chigo-mai (children’s dance): An explanation of the Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property
- History of the shrine as the guardian shrine of eighteen villages: A record indicating a wide area of worship
About Goshuin (Shrine Seals)
It is recommended to check in advance regarding the issuance of Goshuin at Kumano Shrine. Some shrines may not have a resident priest, so those wishing to receive a Goshuin should visit on a festival day or contact the shrine in advance to ensure availability.
Many people cherish Goshuin as proof of their shrine visit and as a record of their faith, making them a valuable memento that reflects the history and status of Kumano Shrine.
Basic Information and Access
Location
Address: 851-1 Nakana, Fuchu-machi, Toyama City, Toyama Prefecture 939-2741
Postal Code: 939-2741
Corporate Number: 3230005002949
Access by Train
Nearest Station: Ainokaze Toyama Railway “Hayahoshi Station”
- Approximately 28 minutes on foot from Hayahoshi Station (approx. 2.3 km)
- Approximately 5 minutes by taxi
Hayahoshi Station is located a few stations west of Toyama Station and is relatively easy to access. While walking is possible, the distance is considerable, so consider using a bus or taxi.
Access by Bus
Nearest Bus Stops:
- Approximately 1 minute walk (approx. 33m) from the “Kumano Shrine Mae” bus stop
- Approximately 1 minute walk (approx. 66m) from the “Kumano” bus stop
Using the bus is very convenient as it provides access very close to the shrine. Visiting by public transport is possible using bus routes from Toyama City.
Access by Car
Access from Major Roads:
- Approximately 15 minutes from the Hokuriku Expressway “Toyama Nishi IC”
- Approximately 20 minutes from central Toyama City via National Route 359
Parking: There may be parking spaces on or around the shrine grounds, but congestion is expected, especially during events such as the annual festival, so we recommend considering using public transportation.
Nearby Shrines and Temples
Besides Kumano Shrine, several other historical shrines and temples are scattered around Fuchu-machi, Toyama City:
Usaka Shrine (Fuchu-machi, Toyama City)
A well-known ancient shrine, it is one of the important shrines in Etchu Province, similar to Kumano Shrine.
Obota Shrine (Toyama City)
An ancient shrine located in Toyama City, it is a center of local faith.
Other Kumano Shrines
Several Kumano Shrines exist within Toyama Prefecture:
- Kumano Shrine (Kumano-do)
- Kumano Shrine (Tomosaka)
- Kumano Shrine (Miyaho)
Visiting these shrines allows you to experience the widespread influence of Kumano faith in Etchu Province.
Manners and Precautions for Visiting a Shrine
Basic Worship Etiquette
- Bow at the Torii Gate: Bow before passing through the torii gate.
- Purification at the Water Basin: Purify your left hand, right hand, and mouth in that order.
- Worship: Bow using the two bows, two claps, and one bow method.
- Behavior within the Shrine Grounds: Act quietly and respectfully.
Photography
Photography is generally permitted within the shrine grounds, but may be restricted during festivals or inside the main hall. If you wish to photograph the Chigo-mai (children’s dance), it is recommended to check in advance.
Precautions for Visiting the Grand Festival
The Grand Festival on August 25th is crowded with many worshippers. Please note the following:
- Aim to arrive early.
- Consider using public transportation, taking into account parking congestion.
- Don’t forget to take precautions against heatstroke, as it will be a hot time of year.
- Observe proper etiquette when photographing the Chigo-mai dance.
The Charm and Value of Visiting Kumano Shrine
Historical Value
With its status as a Shikinaisha (a shrine listed in the Engishiki), its tradition of the Chigo-mai dance continuing for over 300 years, and its history as the guardian shrine of eighteen villages, Kumano Shrine is a valuable presence that embodies the history and culture of Toyama Prefecture.
Cultural Value
The Chigo-mai dance, a nationally designated Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property, is a valuable cultural heritage that conveys traditional Japanese performing arts and folk beliefs to the present day. The opportunity to witness this dance is limited to the annual grand festival, making its rarity and cultural value immeasurable.
As a Place of Worship
Even today, Kumano Shrine continues to attract the faith of local people and functions as a shrine deeply rooted in their lives, demonstrating an ideal relationship between a shrine and its community.
As a Tourist Resource
For tourists visiting Toyama City, Kumano Shrine is a valuable spot to experience history and culture. Especially during the annual festival, it offers an excellent opportunity to experience the region’s traditional culture.
Summary
Located in Nakana, Fuchu-machi, Toyama City, Kumano Shrine is one of Toyama Prefecture’s representative shrines, possessing three major characteristics: its status as a Shikinaisha (a shrine listed in the Engishiki), its history as the guardian shrine of eighteen villages, and the Chigo-mai (children’s dance), a nationally designated Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property.
Its ancient history, listed in the Engishiki Jinmyocho (a list of shrines compiled in the Heian period), the legend of warding off epidemics and the tradition of the Chigo-mai that has continued since the first year of the Hoei era, and its role as a center of local faith that continues to this day, demonstrate the multifaceted value of this shrine.
When visiting Toyama City, be sure to visit Kumano Shrine and experience its history, tradition, and the faith of the local people. The annual festival on August 25th, in particular, offers a rare opportunity to witness the Chigo-mai, which has continued for over 300 years.
Kumano Shrine is a wonderful example of Japanese shrine worship and regional culture that continues from the past to the present and into the future, and it is a place that gives visitors deep inspiration and insights.
